Rethinking Food Insecurity Assessment Methods: Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract

This study evaluates three standard food insecurity measures-Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), Food Consumption Score (FCS), and Minimum Dietary Energy Intake Requirement (MDER)-using survey data from 300 individuals in Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. We find a strong correlation (p < 0.01) between FCS and MDER (ρ = 0.93), indicating alignment in assessing dietary energy sufficiency. In contrast, correlations between FCS and HFIAS (ρ = 0.087) and between MDER and HFIAS (ρ = 0.079) are weak, suggesting that HFIAS captures different dimensions of food insecurity. Comparative analysis reveals that FCS and MDER often indicate more severe food insecurity than HFIAS. Bannu consistently shows higher severe food insecurity rates than Dera Ismail Khan, with ANOVA results confirming significant district differences (F = 76.14 for MDER, p = 0.000002; F = 129.1 for FCS, p = 0.00002; F = 11.85 for HFIAS, p = 0.000658). Vulnerable groups, including daily wage households, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), and female-headed households, exhibit higher rates of food insecurity. These disparities arise from methodological inconsistencies and the subjective nature of self-reported measures, highlighting the need for accurate measurement through comprehensive surveys to effectively understand the full extent of food insecurity.

Keywords: Food insecurity, internally displaced persons, female-headed households, Food Consumption Score (FCS), Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)

JEL Classification: Q18, C83, D12, O13