The Horizontal Distribution of Carbon Emissions in Türkiye

Abstract

This paper extends the literature on the distributional impacts of carbon pricing in Türkiye by examining both vertical (income-based) and horizontal (non-income-based) inequalities in household carbon emissions. Using the ARIA (Analytical Routine for Inequality Assessment) microsimulation framework with data from the 2019 Turkish Household Budget Survey, we simulate direct and indirect carbon emissions linked to household expenditures. Consistent with prior findings, emissions rise with income but decline as a share of income, indicating regressivity. However, horizontal inequality in emissions exceeds vertical inequality. By analyzing emissions relative to personal characteristics, we find that older individuals and car owners exhibit higher carbon intensity, while larger households and those with children show lower intensity. These insights underscore the importance of incorporating diverse personal traits into climate policy design.

Keywords: Carbone Emissions, Horizontal Equity, Microsimulation