Characterization and Feasibility of Community Remediation of Lead and Other Heavy Metals Contamination in Soil from Informal Processing and Re-Contaminated Residential Areas: Implications for Environmental Health in Zamfara State, Nigeria Small-Scale Mining Communities

Abstract

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in Zamfara State, Nigeria, has led to severe lead contamination, causing the deaths of approximately 400 children. This study assessed lead and other heavy metal pollution in re-contaminated residential areas and informal processing sites, while evaluating community-driven remediation efforts in security compromised context. A preliminary assessment in three villages examined ASM risks, training local miners and community leaders on lead hazards and safer mining practices. Safety committees were also established.           Soil characterization targeted contaminated residential compounds and informal processing sites, focusing on children enrolled in the MSF Lead program. Using Field Portable XRF analysers, 15 compounds and 19 processing areas were tested. Remediation involved soil excavation, capping, testing, dust control, and community engagement.           Results from re-contaminated compounds in Abare and Dareta villages showed lead levels ranging from 7 to 35,139 mg/kg, with average of 1,455 mg/kg. About 38% of compounds exceeded 1,000 mg/kg, requiring soil removal. Informal processing sites had even higher contamination, with 61% of 1,518 tests surpassing 1,000 mg/kg. Remediation efforts successfully reduced soil lead levels by 87%. Other Heavy metals concentrations decreased by 84%. Despite these improvements, ongoing interventions and education are crucial to sustaining progress.           We successfully piloted a program to work with ASM community in security compromised area to reduce lead and other heavy metals contaminated in soil and raise awareness of health risks solely through, the involvement of communities using inexpensive community-based approaches and simple tools. Similar programs should be taken to scale throughout in Nigeria and other countries

Keywords: lead, other heavy metal, Soil Contamination, Small-Scale Mining Communities, Community remediation