Who Combines Shared E-Scooters and Public Transportation?Insights from Three Swedish Cities

Abstract

Shared e-scooters have promising potential as a first- and last-mile solution for public transportation, but much is still unknown about the extent of this multimodal travel behavior and who makes such trips. We address this research gap by surveying 1269 shared e-scooter users in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö, Sweden. A binary logistic regression identifies users who made at least one combined trip in the past six months, while an ordinal model examines factors associated with a high share of such trips. We find that combined trips were more prevalent for lower-income residents outside the city center in Stockholm and Gothenburg, but for younger, higher-income frequent users in Malmö.The results indicate that not only the population that lives where the service is offered should be considered when regulating or changing the service. The findings have important distributional policy implications for authorities e.g.\ considering including shared e-scooters in public transport ticketing.

Keywords: Micromobility, E-scooters, First- and last-mile, Multimodal travel, Shared mobility