An Analysis of Maritime Battery Requirements and a Decision Tree for Optimal Chemistry Selection

Abstract

Batteries have emerged as a promising solution across diverse vessel segments, offering benefits in operational efficiency, cost reduction, and emissions reduction. This study investigates the specific requirements of batteries onboard 7 vessel types, such as tugboats, ferries, cruise ships, yachts, fishing vessel, vessels with cranes, and dynamic positioning vessels, through an in-depth analysis of load profiles and operational needs.  By identifying 24 potential operational requirements, ranging from battery electric operation to silent operations and load smoothing, a mixed-integer linear programming model is used to optimize the power and energy allocation for each requirement. This framework enables a generalisation of battery requirements for various vessel segments and enables the assessment of three lithium-ion battery chemistries: Lithium Iron Phosphate, Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide, and Lithium Titanate Oxide. The results indicate that different vessel types prioritize either high energy density batteries or those capable of delivering high power relative to energy capacity. To guide battery selection, a decision tree is presented that matches battery types with specific vessel needs. Lithium Titanate Oxide batteries are well-suited for applications requiring frequent, high power cycles, especially where fast charging is needed. Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries are best for energy-intensive operations, while Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide batteries perform well in both high power and high energy applications. This study offers a practical approach, an inventory of battery requirements, and guidance on selecting the chemistries best suited to various vessel types and operational needs.

Keywords: Battery, energy, lithium-ion, Maritime