Karma and Rebirth -How Actions Shape Destiny and the Cycle of Samsara

Abstract

The doctrines of Karma (action and consequence) and Rebirth (Punarjanma) are central to the metaphysical and ethical framework of Hindu thought. These twin concepts explain not only the moral fabric of existence but also offer a coherent rationale for the apparent disparities in human lives. Karma establishes the principle that every action, intentional or unintentional, physical or mental, carries consequences, either immediate or deferred, across lifetimes. Rebirth is the continuity of the soul through various existences, propelled by unresolved karma and ignorance of the true Self. Together, these doctrines sustain the cyclic process of Samsara-the repetitive cycle of birth, death, and rebirth-and inspire the aspirant toward liberation (Moksha), the ultimate goal in Hindu spiritual life. This article provides an exhaustive analysis of the doctrinal evolution, scriptural basis, ethical implications, and soteriological dimensions of Karma and Rebirth. Drawing upon Vedic literature, Upaniṣhadic insight, Itihasa narratives, Dharmashastra ethics, and Vedantic philosophy, it examines how actions shape destiny and the means by which liberation from this cycle is attained.

Keywords: Karma, Rebirth, Samsara, Moksha, Atman, Dharma, Vedanta, Punarjanma, Causality, Ethics, Hindu Philosophy