Rule of Law, Democracy, Openness, and Income: Estimating the Interrelationships
30 Pages Posted: 24 Sep 2004 Last revised: 24 Aug 2009
There are 3 versions of this paper
Rule of Law, Democracy, Openness, and Income: Estimating the Interrelationships
Rule of Law, Democracy, Openness and Income: Estimating the Interrelationships
Rule of Law, Democracy, Openness, and Income: Estimating the Interrelationships
Date Written: September 2004
Abstract
We estimate the interrelationships among economic institutions, political institutions, openness, and income levels, using identification through heteroskedasticity (IH). We split our cross-national dataset into two sub-samples: (i) colonies versus non-colonies; and (ii) continents aligned on an East-West versus those aligned on a North-South axis. We exploit the difference in the structural variances in these two sub-samples to gain identification. We find that democracy and the rule of law are both good for economic performance, but the latter has a much stronger impact on incomes. Openness (trade/GDP) has a negative impact on income levels and democracy, but a positive effect on rule of law. Higher income produces greater openness and better institutions, but these effects are not very strong. Rule of law and democracy tend to be mutually reinforcing.
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