The Bias in Black-Scholes/Black Implied Volatility: An Analysis of Equity and Energy Markets
34 Pages Posted: 8 Dec 2004 Last revised: 16 Jul 2008
Abstract
In this paper we examine the extent of the bias between Black-Scholes (1973)/Black (1976) implied volatility and realized term volatility in the equity and energy markets. Explicitly modeling a market price of volatility risk, we extend previous work by demonstrating that Black-Scholes is an upward-biased predictor of future realized volatility in S&P 500 and S&P 100 stock-market indices. Turning to the Black options-on-futures formula, we apply our methodology to options on energy contracts, a market in which crises are characterized by a positive correlation between price-returns and volatilities: After controlling for both term-structure and seasonality effects, our theoretical and empirical findings suggest a similar upward bias in the volatility implied in energy options contracts. We show the bias in both Black-Scholes/Black implied volatilities to be related to a negative market price of volatility risk.
Keywords: Option pricing, volatility, energy, derivatives
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