The Irrelevance of the Mm Dividend Irrelevance Theorem
28 Pages Posted: 14 Mar 2005
Date Written: January 2005
Abstract
Contrary to Miller and Modigliani (1961), payout policy is not irrelevant and investment policy is not the sole determinant of value, even in frictionless markets. MM ask "Do companies with generous distribution policies consistently sell at a premium above those with niggardly payouts?" But MM's analysis does not address this question because the joint effect of their assumptions is to mandate 100% free cash flow payout in every period, thereby rendering "niggardly payouts" infeasible and forcing distributions to a global optimum. Irrelevance obtains, but in an economically vacuous sense because the firm's opportunity set is artificially constrained to payout policies that fully distribute free cash flow. When MM's assumptions are relaxed to allow retention, payout policy matters in exactly the same sense that investment policy does. Moreover, (i) the standard Fisherian model is empirically refutable, predicting that firms will make large payouts in present value terms, (ii) only when payout policy is optimized will the present value of distributions equal the PV of project cash flows, (iii) the NPV rule for investments is not sufficient to ensure value maximization, rather an analogous rule for payout policy is also necessary, and (iv) Fischer Black's (1976) "dividend puzzle" is a non-puzzle because it is rooted in the mistaken idea that MM's irrelevance theorem applies to payout/retention decisions, which it does not.
Keywords: Dividend policy, payout policy, mm theorems, dividend puzzle
JEL Classification: G35, G32, K22, M41, D90, H24
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
Do you have a job opening that you would like to promote on SSRN?
Recommended Papers
-
Disappearing Dividends: Changing Firm Characteristics or Lower Propensity to Pay?
By Eugene F. Fama and Kenneth R. French
-
Dividends, Share Repurchases, and the Substitution Hypothesis
By Gustavo Grullon and Roni Michaely
-
Payout Policy in the 21st Century
By Alon Brav, John R. Graham, ...
-
Payout Policy in the 21st Century
By Alon Brav, Campbell R. Harvey, ...
-
Financial Flexibility and the Choice between Dividends and Stock Repurchases
By Clifford P. Stephens, Murali Jagannathan, ...
-
By Roni Michaely and Franklin Allen
-
By Joan Farre-mensa, Roni Michaely, ...
-
Payout Policy in the 21th Century: The Data
By Alon Brav, Campbell R. Harvey, ...
-
A Catering Theory of Dividends
By Malcolm P. Baker and Jeffrey Wurgler
-
A Catering Theory of Dividends
By Malcolm P. Baker and Jeffrey Wurgler