Performance-Sensitive Debt

Abstract

This paper studies performance-sensitive debt (PSD), the class of debt obligations whose interest payments depend on some measure of the borrowers performance. We demonstrate that the existence of PSD obligations cannot be explained by the trade-off theory of capital structure, as PSD leads to earlier default and lower equity value compared to fixed-rate debt of the same market value. We show that, consistent with the pecking order theory, PSD can be used as an inexpensive screening device and find empirically that firms choosing PSD loans are more likely to improve their credit ratings than firms choosing fixed-interest loans. We also develop a method to value PSD obligations allowing for general payment profiles and obtain closed-form pricing formulas for step-up bonds and linear PSD.

Keywords: Capital Structure, Financial Innovation, Step-up bonds, Performance-Pricing Loans, Default, Efficiency, Screening

JEL Classification: G32, G12