The Commodification of Patents 1600-1836: How Patents Became Rights and Why We Should Care

68 Pages Posted: 1 Oct 2005

See all articles by Oren Bracha

Oren Bracha

University of Texas at Austin - School of Law

Abstract

This essay argues that the process of the commodification of information, in the historical context of patents, was not merely an increase in the extent to which patent rights and the information they protected were the subjects of market transactions. The commodification of patents, rather, involved the development of a particular institutional form and the construction of a specific market. The essay surveys the development in the Anglo-American legal tradition of one seminal aspect of this institutional change: the transformation of patents from particularistic privileges to universal rights. The early origins of patents in England and later in the American colonies were particularistic privileges. Patents were case specific, discretionary grants of economic privileges made by either the executive or the legislature. These grants were openly political and their legitimacy rested on a case-specific claim to promoting the public interest. In a three hundred year process that culminated in the mid nineteenth century patents became universal rights. Under this new institutional model patents became a standard set of entitlements enjoyed, as a matter of right, upon the fulfillment of general and uniform substantive and procedural criteria. Patents came to be seen as neutral rights whose legitimacy is rooted in the general social utility of the regime as a whole rather than that of any specific case. The government was reassigned the role of a non-discretionary impartial enforcer of patent rights. The essay argues that, despite important innovations of the first American patent regime, this institutional change was far from complete when it was launched in 1790. It describes the later parts of the process that stretched into the aftermath of the 1836 Copyright Act and beyond. The essay ends with a few brief suggestions about the significance of the modern institutional character of patents as universal rights.

Keywords: Patent, history

Suggested Citation

Bracha, Oren, The Commodification of Patents 1600-1836: How Patents Became Rights and Why We Should Care. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 38, p. 177, 2004, U of Texas Law, Public Law Research Paper, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=811023

Oren Bracha (Contact Author)

University of Texas at Austin - School of Law ( email )

727 East Dean Keeton Street
Austin, TX 78705
United States

Do you have a job opening that you would like to promote on SSRN?

Paper statistics

Downloads
499
Abstract Views
2,856
Rank
111,115
PlumX Metrics