Incentives, Decision Frames, and Motivation Crowding Out - an Experimental Investigation

Abstract

A simple principal agent problem is experimentally investigated in which a principal repeatedly sets a wage and an agent responds by choosing an effort level. The principal's payoff is determined by the agent's effort. In a first setting, the principal can only set a fixed wage in each period. In a second setting, the principal has the possibility to supplement the fixed wage with a piece rate. Surprisingly, efforts are lower in the case where piece rates can be paid. Furthermore, switching in the same treatment from a setting where piece rates are available to one where only fixed wages can be paid tends to lead to even lower effort levels. Based on our findings we suggest a new explanation for motivation crowding out by arguing that the use of piece rates considerably alters the principals' and agents' perception of the situation.

Keywords: incentives, crowding-out, reciprocity, reputation, experiment

JEL Classification: C91