Civil Rights, the War on Poverty, and Black-White Convergence in Infant Mortality in the Rural South and Mississippi

36 Pages Posted: 7 Feb 2007

See all articles by Douglas Almond

Douglas Almond

Columbia University - Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Kenneth Y. Chay

University of California, Berkeley - Department of Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Michael Greenstone

University of Chicago - Department of Economics; Becker Friedman Institute for Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Date Written: December 31, 2006

Abstract

For the last sixty years, African-Americans have been 75% more likely to die during infancy as whites. From the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, however, this racial gap narrowed substantially. We argue that the elimination of widespread racial segregation in Southern hospitals during this period played a causal role in this improvement. Our analysis indicates that Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which mandated desegregation in institutions receiving federal funds, enabled 5,000 to 7,000 additional black infants to survive infancy from 1965-1975 and at least 25,000 infants from 1965-2002. We estimate that by themselves these infant mortality benefits generated a welfare gain of more than $7 billion (2005$) for 1965-1975 and more than $27 billion for 1965-2002. These findings indicate that the benefits of the 1960s Civil Rights legislation extended beyond the labor marker and were substantially larger than recognized previously.

Keywords: desegregation, hospital access, Jim Crow, racial discrimination, Civil Rights Act

JEL Classification: I38, I3, N3, N4, and J1

Suggested Citation

Almond, Douglas Vincent and Chay, Kenneth Y. and Greenstone, Michael, Civil Rights, the War on Poverty, and Black-White Convergence in Infant Mortality in the Rural South and Mississippi (December 31, 2006). MIT Department of Economics Working Paper No. 07-04, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=961021 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.961021

Douglas Vincent Almond

Columbia University - Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Economics ( email )

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Kenneth Y. Chay

University of California, Berkeley - Department of Economics ( email )

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Michael Greenstone (Contact Author)

University of Chicago - Department of Economics ( email )

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Becker Friedman Institute for Economics ( email )

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National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

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