Sustainable Finance & China's Green Credit Reforms: A Test Case for Bank Monitoring of Environmental Risk

Abstract

As financial institutions and policymakers worldwide are considering how to integrate sustainability considerations throughout financial systems, a critical question is whether banks can effectively assess and monitor borrowers’ environmental credit risk. China’s green credit reforms, part of sweeping “green finance” policies adopted by the Chinese government over the past decade, require banks to do exactly that. China’s green credit reforms offer an opportunity to test current theories of the role of creditors in corporate governance and the potential role of banks in driving sustainable finance across global capital markets.

This study uses data from the 21 Chinese banks that are at the forefront of China’s green finance initiatives, as well as insights from fieldwork conducted in 2016 and 2017, to examine banks’ ability to monitor and price environmental credit risk. This investigation shows that leading Chinese banks are strengthening their ability to integrate environmental criteria into credit risk assessment but that key barriers to efficient pricing and monitoring of environmental credit risk remain. This article concludes with lessons from the Chinese context for sustainable finance reform elsewhere.

Keywords: corporate governance, creditor, bank, sustainability, finance, risk management, agency costs, monitoring, green finance, green credit, green bond, sustainable finance, China, ESG, international finance, financial institutions

JEL Classification: K2, K22, K32, K33, M14, O53, O16, P31, P28, Q56, Q58, Q28, Q38, Q48, Q01