Harvard University - CAUSALab, Boston University - School of Public Health, Harvard University - CAUSALab, - Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, - 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bordeaux - CHU de Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux - Bordeaux Population Health Centre, Stichting HIV Monitoring, University of Amsterdam - Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, McGill University - McGill University Health Centre, McGill University - McGill University Health Centre, Carlos III Institute of Health - National Center for Epidemiology, University of Milan - Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Milan - Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris - INSERM U1016, University of Paris - INSERM U1016, University of Calgary - Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, University of Bern - Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Bern - Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Yale University - School of Medicine, Yale University - Department of Internal Medicine, University College London - Institute for Global Health, University College London - Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona - Hospital Clinic, University of Bristol - Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol - Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Harvard University - CAUSALab and Independent

Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Public Health Service of Amsterdam - Department of Infectious Diseases, Research and Prevention, University of Amsterdam - Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, University of Amsterdam - Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam - Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and affiliation not provided to SSRN

University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University - University Medical Center (Utrecht), Utrecht University - Division of Imaging and Oncology, Utrecht University - University Medical Center (Utrecht), Utrecht University - University Medical Center (Utrecht), Utrecht University - Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, University of Amsterdam and Utrecht University - Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care