University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh - BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Government of the United Kingdom - Barts Health NHS Trust, Government of the United Kingdom - Barts Health NHS Trust, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - PIONEER Health Data Research Hub in Acute Care, Imperial College London - Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London - Department of Surgery & Cancer, University of Sheffield, University of Sheffield - School of Health and Related Research, University of Southampton - University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton - University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Imperial College London - Department of Surgery & Cancer, University of Birmingham - PIONEER Health Data Research Hub for Acute Care, University of Sheffield - School of Health and Related Research, NHS Foundation Trust - Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Edinburgh - BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science and Independent