Artificial intelligence, AI literacy, public universities, science education
Laboratory Practical Interest, Perceived Competence, Academic Performance, Practical Chemistry
Critical Thinking Ability, Physical and Chemical Changes, Self-Confidence, Technology-Assisted PEOE, Technology-Assisted IEPT
Smart Pedagogy, Students' Cognitive engagement, Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Level, Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
TS-PEOE Training Programme, TS-VH Training Programme, Teaching Quality, Learning Outcomes and Chemistry
Predict-Observe-Explain-Explore (POEE), Demonstrate-Observe-Explain (DOE), qualitative analysis, students' interest, academic achievement