University of Washington, University of Washington, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), University of Washington, University of Washington - Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, University of Washington, University of South Dakota - Sanford School of Medicine, Harvard University - Department of Environmental Health, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Harvard University, Mount Sinai Health System - Icahn School of Medicine, University of Washington, University of Oregon, Kaiser Permanente - Division of Research, University of Colorado at Denver - Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, University of Southern California - Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Kaiser Permanente Northern California - Division of Research, University of Southern California, Johns Hopkins University - Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, University of Southern California, University of Southern California - Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, University of Pittsburgh, University of Vermont, Dartmouth College, Rhode Island Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, University of Oregon, Emory University, Drexel University, Avera Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Harvard Medical School - Channing Division of Network Medicine, University of California, Berkeley - Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Southern California, University of Rochester - Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, University of California, Davis - Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Washington and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)

National Health Research Institutes - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences - Division of Intramural Research, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, George Mason University, Brown University, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Colorado at Denver - Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - University of Michigan Medical School, affiliation not provided to SSRN, National Health Research Institutes - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Northeastern University (USA) - College of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey - Rutgers College, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Government of the United States of America - Division of Laboratory Sciences, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Georgia - College of Public Health, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill - Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley, Harvard University - Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Columbia University, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Harvard University - Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, National Health Research Institutes - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University (SFU), affiliation not provided to SSRN, Harvard University, Medical University of South Carolina, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, National Health Research Institutes - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Rochester - School of Medicine and Dentistry, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Washington, University of California, Davis - Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Iowa, Mount Sinai Health System - Icahn School of Medicine, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, National Health Research Institutes - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Harvard University - Harvard Medical School, Columbia University and National Health Research Institutes - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Biological and Medical Informatics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, Berkeley - School of Social Welfare, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Stanford University - Department of Genetics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Aging, Metabolism and Emotions Center, University of California, Davis - Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco Department of Public Health, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics

affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Southern California - Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Johns Hopkins University - Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Northeastern University (USA) - College of Engineering, Harvard University - Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Mount Sinai Health System - Icahn School of Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Harvard University, Henry Ford Health System, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Kaiser Permanente - Division of Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Rhode Island Hospital, Emory University, University of South Dakota - Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente Northern California - Division of Research, The George Washington University, New York University (NYU) - Grossman School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Dartmouth College, University of Washington, Rhode Island Hospital, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Oregon Health and Science University, Harvard Medical School - Channing Division of Network Medicine, University of Rochester - Department of Psychiatry, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of California, Davis - Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, California State University Dominguez Hills, Mount Sinai Health System - Icahn School of Medicine and affiliation not provided to SSRN

University of California, Davis, Harvard University - Department of Environmental Health, University of California, Davis - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN and University of California, Davis - Department of Public Health Sciences

affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, New York University (NYU) - Grossman School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System - Icahn School of Medicine, University of California, Davis - Department of Public Health Sciences, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN and Harvard University - Department of Environmental Health