Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) - Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Johns Hopkins University, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey - Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University - Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill - UNC-Project Malawi, University of Pennsylvania - Perelman School of Medicine, Les Centres Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Les Centres Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey - Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University - Division of Infectious Diseases, Government of the United States of America - Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Moi University, University of North Carolina Project, Kamazu Central Hospital, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Malawi, Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Wits University - Clinical HIV Research Unit, Morningside Mediclinic, Sandton, University of KwaZulu-Natal - Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of the Witwatersrand - South African Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand - School of Clinical Medicine, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Johns Hopkins University - Department of Medicine and Independent