Joshua Fairfield

Washington and Lee University - School of Law

Professor of Law

Lexington, VA 24450

United States

SCHOLARLY PAPERS

32

DOWNLOADS
Rank 2,688

SSRN RANKINGS

Top 2,688

in Total Papers Downloads

26,411

TOTAL CITATIONS
Rank 21,977

SSRN RANKINGS

Top 21,977

in Total Papers Citations

31

Scholarly Papers (32)

1.

Tokenized: The Law of Non-Fungible Tokens and Unique Digital Property

Indiana Law Journal, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 99 Posted: 07 Apr 2021
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 9,826 (1,266)
Citation 15

Abstract:

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NFT, token, bitcoin, crypto, law, property, digital, virtual, cryptocurrency

2.

Virtual Property

Boston University Law Review, Vol. 85, page 1047, 2005, Indiana Legal Studies Research Paper No. 35
Number of pages: 57 Posted: 27 Sep 2005 Last Revised: 12 May 2014
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 7,084 (2,216)
Citation 1

Abstract:

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Virtual, property, digital, internet, cyberlaw, intellectual, anticommons, cybertrespass, video game, world of warcraft, world

3.

Dragon Kill Points: A Summary Whitepaper

Number of pages: 10 Posted: 24 Jan 2007
Edward Castronova and Joshua Fairfield
Indiana University and Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 2,650 (11,353)
Citation 10

Abstract:

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Dragon Kill Points, Rational Models Seminar, Virtual World, World of Warcraft, Law and Economics, Edward Castronova, Online community

4.

Anti-Social Contracts: The Contractual Governance of Virtual Worlds

McGill Law Journal, Vol. 53, 2008, Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2007-20
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 26 Jul 2007
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 1,689 (23,240)
Citation 1

Abstract:

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Contracts, Law, EULA, World of Warcraft, Virtual Worlds, Online Communities, Facebook, YouTube, Law and Economics

5.

BitProperty

Southern California Law Review, Vol. 88, 2015, Forthcoming, Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2014-17
Number of pages: 73 Posted: 05 Oct 2014
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 1,000 (50,249)
Citation 1

Abstract:

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Cyberlaw, eCommerce, Bitcoin, Property, Crypto currency, Currency, Digital Currency, Payments, Money, Intellectual Property

6.

The Magic Circle

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law, 2009, Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2008-45
Number of pages: 19 Posted: 21 Nov 2008 Last Revised: 25 May 2009
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 798 (68,450)

Abstract:

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Technology Law, External Law

7.

Cracks in the Foundation: The New Internet Legislation's Hidden Threat to Privacy and Commerce

Arizona State Law Journal, Vol. 36, p. 1193, 2006, Indiana Legal Studies Research Paper No. 62
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 19 Aug 2006 Last Revised: 20 Jun 2013
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 666 (86,536)

Abstract:

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internet, regulation, legislation, collective action, encryption, hack, spam, email, hash, CAN-SPAM Act, cyberlaw, privacy, e-mail

8.

Avatar Experimentation: Human Subjects Research in Virtual Worlds

UC Irvine Law Review Vol. 2:695 , Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2012-26
Number of pages: 79 Posted: 07 Aug 2012
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 509 (121,672)

Abstract:

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Virtual Worlds, Human Subjects Research

9.

Mixed Reality: How the Laws of Virtual Worlds Govern Everyday Life

Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 27, p. 55, 2011, Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2012-23
Number of pages: 63 Posted: 22 May 2012
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 485 (128,927)

Abstract:

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Cyberlaw, Virtual Worlds, Consumer's Rights, Property and Data Rights

10.

The End of the (Virtual) World

West Virginia Law Review, Vol. 112, No. 1, p. 53, 2009, Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2010-7
Number of pages: 44 Posted: 19 May 2010
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 340 (194,297)

Abstract:

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Virtual Worlds, Bankruptcy, Intellectual Properties, Property Rights

11.

The Search Interest in Contract

92 Iowa L. Rev. 1237 (2007), Indiana Legal Studies Research Paper No. 63
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 26 Oct 2006 Last Revised: 20 Jun 2013
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 261 (256,090)

Abstract:

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Contract, Transaction Costs, Search, Negotiate, E-bay, Google, Search Optimization, Search Engine, Law, Cyber Law

12.

The Cost of Consent: Optimal Standardization in the Law of Contract

Emory Law Journal, Vol. 58, p. 1401, 2009, Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2008-31
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 08 Jun 2008 Last Revised: 05 Dec 2010
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 249 (268,616)

Abstract:

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Contract law, Cost theory, Contractual consent

13.

'Do-Not-Track' as Contract

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law, Vol. 14, No. 3, p. 101, 2012, Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2012-22
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 22 May 2012
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 243 (275,125)

Abstract:

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Cyberlaw, Privacy, FTC, Internet Protocol

14.

Virtual Parentalism

Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2009-08
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 01 Oct 2009 Last Revised: 04 Nov 2009
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 204 (325,824)
Citation 2

Abstract:

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15.

Nexus Crystals: Crystallizing Limits on Contractual Control of Virtual Worlds

William Mitchell Law Review, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2011, Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2012-6
Number of pages: 54 Posted: 17 Feb 2012
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 193 (343,119)

Abstract:

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Contracts, Copyright Law, Virtual Worlds

16.

Do-Not-Track as Default

Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, Vol. 11, No. 7, 2013, Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2013-17
Number of pages: 49 Posted: 11 Oct 2013
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 120 (512,038)
Citation 1

Abstract:

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privacy, technology, contract, w3c, FTC

17.

Out of Sight is Out of Mind? Experimentally Testing a Gradually Materializing Public Bad

MPI Collective Goods Discussion Paper, No. 2024/16
Number of pages: 54 Posted: 26 Nov 2024
Alexander Egberts, Christoph Engel and Joshua Fairfield
Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods and Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 34 (1,014,612)

Abstract:

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public bad, dynamically developing social harm, cognitive and motivational challenge

18.

Home--The Final Frontier: Why Privacy Means Protecting Workers' Rights to Time and Space

Belmont University College of Law Research Paper No. 2025-08
Number of pages: 55 Posted: 07 May 2025
Joshua Fairfield and Amanda Reilly
Washington and Lee University - School of Law and Victoria University of Wellington - School of Accounting and Commercial Law
Downloads 20 (1,178,255)

Abstract:

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worker suveillance, telework, labor rights, privacy law, data commodification, digital monitoring, bossware, GDPR, remote work

19.

Property as the Law of Virtual Things

Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, volume 7, 2022[10.3389/frma.2022.981964]
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 7 (1,315,341)

Abstract:

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property, NFT, non-fungible token, virtual, scarcity and abundance, law

20.

Making Virtual Things

William & Mary Law Review Vol. 64, Issue 4, Article 5 (3-2023)
Number of pages: 41 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 6 (1,321,650)

Abstract:

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NFT, digital currency, Bitcoin, purchase, property, online, value, token

21.

Crypto-Counterfeiting

William & Mary Business Law Review, Vol. 15, Issue 3, Article 3 (4-2024)
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 5 (1,327,068)

Abstract:

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blockchain, bitcoin, digital token, Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

22.

Privacy as a Public Good

Duke Law Journal, Volume 65, December 2015, No. 3.
Number of pages: 73 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield and Christoph Engel
Washington and Lee University - School of Law and Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods
Downloads 3 (1,336,304)

Abstract:

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Privacy, Law

23.

"You Keep Using That Word": Why Privacy Doesn't Mean What Lawyers Think

Osgoode Hall Law Journal, volume 59, issue 2, 2022[10.60082/2817-5069.3779]
Number of pages: 44 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 3 (1,336,304)

Abstract:

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Wittgenstein, Philosophy, Language, Semantic, Definition, Interpretation, Linguistics, Natural Language, Meaning

24.

Smart Contracts, Bitcoin Bots, and Consumer Protection

Washington and Lee Law Review Online, Volume 71, Issue 2, Article 3, pg 36, (9-2014)
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 3 (1,336,304)

Abstract:

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bitcoin, trustless public ledgers, currency exchange, smart contracts

25.

Governing the Interface Between Natural and Formal Language in Smart Contracts

UCLA Journal of Law & Technology Vol. 27 No. 2 (Spring, 2022)
Number of pages: 41 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield and Niloufer Selvadurai
Washington and Lee University - School of Law and Macquarie University
Downloads 2 (1,341,096)

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distributed, ledger, technology, DLT, blockchain, language, code, coding

26.

Digital Property Cycles

Washington and Lee Law Review, Volume 80, Issue 3, Article 4, p1115 (Summer 2023)
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 2 (1,341,096)

Abstract:

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NFT, digital currency, Bitcoin, purchase, property, online, value, token

27.

The Human Element: The Under-Theorized and Underutilized Component Vital to Fostering Blockchain Development

Cleveland State Law Review, Volume 67, Issue 1
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 2 (1,341,096)

Abstract:

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Bitcoin, Etherium, Crypto-currency, Blockchain law and technology

28.

Digital Innocence

Cornell Law Review Volume 99, Issue 5, July 2014
Number of pages: 97 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield and Erik Luna
Washington and Lee University - School of Law and Arizona State University (ASU) - Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law
Downloads 2 (1,341,096)

Abstract:

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Mass surveillance, Information technology, Defense rights

29.

Escape Into the Panopticon: Virtual Worlds and the Surveillance Society

118 Yale Law Journal Pocket Part 131 (2009)
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 2 (1,341,096)

Abstract:

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Virtual Worlds, Surveillance, Panopticon

30.

The Language-Game of Privacy

Michigan Law Review, issue 116.6, 2018[10.36644/mlr.116.6.language-game]
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 2 (1,341,096)

Abstract:

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Privacy, Definitions, Culture, Language, Freedom, Autonomy

31.

To Err Is Human: The Judicial Conundrum of Curing Apprendi Error

Baylor Law Review Volume 55, Page 889 (Fall 2003)
Number of pages: 67 Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 1 (1,347,273)

Abstract:

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Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure

32.

Clean Data: Recursion as Pollution in Environmental AI

Oxford Intersections: AI in Society, 2025
Posted: 04 Jun 2025
Joshua Fairfield
Washington and Lee University - School of Law

Abstract:

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law, AI, artificial intelligence, environment, recursion, pollution, model collapse, data poisoning, catastrophic forgetting Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Regulation and Industrial Policy, Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities Section: Environments Section editors: Collection: Oxford Intersections

Other Papers (1)

Total Downloads: 381
1.

The Digital Wallet Revolution

New York Times, September 10, 2014
Number of pages: 3 Posted: 13 Nov 2017
Edward Castronova and Joshua Fairfield
Indiana University and Washington and Lee University - School of Law
Downloads 381

Abstract:

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virtual currency, digital wallet, bitcoin, blockchain