Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, University of Strathclyde - Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Glasgow - Medical Research Council (MRC), University of Edinburgh - Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland and Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland

University College London, University of Liverpool - Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, University of Edinburgh - College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, UK Health Security Agency, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Trinity College Dublin, Liverpool City Council, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK Health Security Agency, University of Liverpool - Department of Health Data Science, The University of Manchester, The University of Manchester, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Welsh Government, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Imperial College London, King’s College London, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool - Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The Directorate of Public Health at Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council, UK Health Security Agency, University of Leeds, University of Bristol and University of Liverpool - Department of Public Health Policy and Systems

Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland and Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland