Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (RANEPA) - Laboratory of Health Economics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Clinic of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Internal Medicine №1, Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University of Pisa - Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg - Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, University of Leipzig - Pediatric Epidemiology, Universidad de la Sabana, University of Amsterdam - Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - World-Class Research Center, Government of the Russian Federation - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, ZA Bashlyaeva Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital, Government of the Russian Federation - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RSMU), I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University - Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford - International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC), MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Colorado at Denver - Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Imperial College London - Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University - Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Research Group, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RSMU), Imperial College London and affiliation not provided to SSRN

Imperial College London - Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Worldwide Influenza Centre, Francis Crick Institute, Worldwide Influenza Centre, Francis Crick Institute, The Wellington Hospital, The Wellington Hospital, The Wellington Hospital, Blood Borne Virus Unit, National Infection Service, Colindale Public Health England, Blood Borne Virus Unit, National Infection Service, Colindale Public Health England, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Imperial College London - Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, King’s College London, Department of Virology, King’s College Hospital, Imperial College London - Department of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Imperial College London - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), Department of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Independent, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London and Imperial College London - Section of Virology

University of Edinburgh - Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Oxford - International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC), University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Oxford - ISARIC Global Support Centre, University of Liverpool - Liverpool Clinical Trials Centre, Public Health England - Emerging Infections and Zoonoses Unit, University of Nottingham - Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Glasgow - Medical Research Council (MRC) and Independent

University of Dundee, University of Dundee, University of Dundee, University of Dundee, University of Dundee, University of Dundee, University of Leicester - Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester - Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester - Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester - Institute for Lung Health, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, University of Leicester - Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester - Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester - Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester - Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester - Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Leicester - Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, University of Leicester, University of Leicester, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh - Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute, University of Edinburgh - Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, University of Oxford, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute, King's College London - Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Leicester - Leicester Diabetes Centre, Newcastle University - Population Health Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, University of Liverpool, Imperial College London - Hammersmith Hospital, University College London, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, University of Leicester - NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford - Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University College London - Centre for inflammation and Tissue Repair, Queen's University Belfast, University of Cambridge, Royal Papworth HospitalUniversity of Cambridge - Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Sheffield, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Leicester - Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, NHS Foundation Trust - St. Georges University Hospitals, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, University College London, University of Edinburgh, The University of Manchester, Infection Research Group, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle University, University of Cambridge, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Medicine, UCL Respiratory, University of Southampton - Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Mary University of London - Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Oxford, University of Sheffield, King’s College London, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Swansea University - College of Human and Health Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Government of the United Kingdom - Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease Service, The University of Manchester - Wythenshawe Hospital, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine - Department of Clinical Research, Asthma and Lung UK, University of Oxford - Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), University of Leicester - Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester - Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester - Institute for Lung Health, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute and University of Dundee - Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine

Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the global alliance for diagnostics - FIND, the global alliance for diagnostics - FIND, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, UK Health Security Agency, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the global alliance for diagnostics - FIND, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale and Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine

Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health England, UK Health Security Agency, UK Health Security Agency - Emergency Preparedness, Response and Resilience, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health England, UK Health Security Agency, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health England, NHSE/I Children and Young People's Transformation Team, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University College London - Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Cedars Sinai Medical Center - Department of Pediatrics, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health England, UK Health Security Agency, Public Health England - Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Southampton - University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University Hospitals Bristol - University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, NHS Foundation Trust - London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health England, University of Bristol, Public Health England - Immunisation, Hepatitis, and Blood Safety Department, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Edinburgh - Department of Child Life and Health, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust - Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Anuerin Bevan University Health Board, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland and Public Health England - Immunisation and Countermeasures Division

University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University of Liverpool, University of Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, King Fahad Medical City and University of Liverpool

University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool - Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool - Liverpool Clinical Trials Centre, Government of the United Kingdom - Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC), Government of the United Kingdom - NHS Test and Trace, Government of the United Kingdom - Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC), University of Leeds, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections and University of Liverpool - Department of Public Health Policy and Systems

University of Liverpool - National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in 31 Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University of St. Andrews - Division of Infection and Global Health, HIV i-Base, Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, University College London - Institute for Global Health, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections and Independent

University College London, University of Liverpool - Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, University of Edinburgh - College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, UK Health Security Agency, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Trinity College Dublin, Liverpool City Council, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK Health Security Agency, University of Liverpool - Department of Health Data Science, The University of Manchester, The University of Manchester, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, Welsh Government, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Imperial College London, King’s College London, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool - Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The Directorate of Public Health at Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council, UK Health Security Agency, University of Leeds, University of Bristol and University of Liverpool - Department of Public Health Policy and Systems

University of Oxford, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, St. George’s University of London - Institute of Infection & Immunity, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, St. George's University - Intensive Care Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, St. George's University - General Intensive Care, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Medicine, St George's, University of London, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Kent - Viral Pseudotype Unit, Meso-­‐Scale Diagnostics, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust - Intensive Care Medicine, Independent, Independent, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford - The Jenner Institute, University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Independent, Tel Aviv University, Leidos Inc., University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Mahidol University - Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, University of Oxford - Department of Zoology, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, St. George’s University of London - Institute of Infection & Immunity, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Department of Zoology and University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research