University of Cambridge - MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge - MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge - MRC Biostatistics Unit, Independent, Independent, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Independent, University of Oxford - The Ethox Centre, Lancaster University, University of Cambridge - MRC Biostatistics Unit, McGill University - BioMedical Ethics Unit, Government of the United Kingdom - The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, RAND Corporation - RAND Europe - Cambridge, University of Cambridge - MRC Biostatistics Unit, Independent, Berry Consultants, LLC, University College London - MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Sanofi, University of Oxford - The Ethox Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, University of Cambridge - MRC Biostatistics Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Independent, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals - BioPharmaceuticals R&D, University of Bath, Carnegie Mellon University - Philosophy Department, Ethox Centre and University of Cambridge - MRC Biostatistics Unit

affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, University of Basel - University Hospital Basel, University College Cork - TRAMS (Trial Research and Methodologies Unit), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), McMaster University - Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), Independent, The Ottawa Health Research Institute (OHRI), Independent and University of Basel - University Hospital Basel