Inge Graef

Tilburg Law School

Associate Professor

Tilburg, 5000 LE

Netherlands

Tilburg University - Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT)

P.O.Box 90153

Prof. Cobbenhagenlaan 221

Tilburg, 5037

Netherlands

Tilburg Law and Economics Center (TILEC)

Warandelaan 2

Tilburg, 5000 LE

Netherlands

  • Tilburg Law School

  • Tilburg University - Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT)

  • Tilburg Law and Economics Center (TILEC)

SCHOLARLY PAPERS

40

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35,864

TOTAL CITATIONS
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Top 10,348

in Total Papers Citations

201

Scholarly Papers (40)

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1.

Market Definition and Market Power in Data: The Case of Online Platforms

World Competition: Law and Economics Review, Vol. 38, No. 4 (2015), p. 473-506.
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 09 Sep 2015 Last Revised: 02 Sep 2016
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 3,798 (6,390)
Citation 28

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EU competition law, market definition, market power, data, online platforms

2.

Big Data and Competition Policy: Market Power, Personalised Pricing and Advertising

Number of pages: 61 Posted: 21 Feb 2017
Marc Bourreau, Alexandre de Streel and Inge Graef
Telecom ParisTech, University of Namur and Tilburg Law School
Downloads 3,626 (6,880)
Citation 24

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big data, competition policy, data and market power, personalised pricing, target adverstising

3.

To Break Up or Regulate Big Tech? Avenues to Constrain Private Power in the DSA/DMA Package

Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 21-25
Number of pages: 112 Posted: 11 Oct 2021 Last Revised: 04 Nov 2021
Heiko Richter, Marlene Straub, Erik Tuchtfeld, Ilaria Buri, Joris van Hoboken, Giovanni De Gregorio, Oreste Pollicino, Alexander Peukert, Naomi Appelman, João Pedro Quintais, Ronan Fahy, Herbert Zech, Catalina Goanta, Hannah Ruschemeier, Paddy Leerssen, Ruth Janal, Teresa Rodríguez de las Heras Ballell, Inge Graef, Jens-Uwe Franck, Martin Peitz, Rupprecht Podszun, Peter Georg Picht and Suzanne Vergnolle
Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, University of Oxford - University of Oxford, Oxford Internet Institute, Students, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Institute for Information Law, University of Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Católica Global School of Law, Lisbon, Bocconi University - Department of Law, Goethe University Frankfurt - Faculty of Law, University of Amsterdam - Institute for Information Law (IViR), University of Amsterdam - Institute for Information Law (IViR), University of Amsterdam, Weizenbaum Institute Berlin, Utrecht University - Faculty of Law, FernUniversität in Hagen, University of Amsterdam, Institute for Information Law (IViR), Bayreuth University, Charles III University of Madrid, Tilburg Law School, University of Mannheim, University of Mannheim - Department of Economics, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf - Faculty of Law, University of Zurich - Institute of Law and Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM)
Downloads 2,298 (14,218)

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competition law, data act, data protection, data governance act, data regulation, digital services act, digital markets act, enforcement, fundamental rights, GDPR, platform regulation, private enforcement, private power

4.

Data Portability and Data Control: Lessons for an Emerging Concept in EU Law

German Law Journal 2018, vol. 19 no. 6, p. 1359-1398, Tilburg Law School Research Paper No. 2017/22, TILEC Discussion Paper No. 2017-041
Number of pages: 40 Posted: 18 Nov 2017 Last Revised: 06 Dec 2018
Inge Graef, Martin Husovec and Nadezhda Purtova
Tilburg Law School, London School of Economics - Law School and Utrecht University, Law School
Downloads 1,723 (22,455)
Citation 19

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Data portability; data protection; intellectual property; competition; consumer protection; data control

5.

Putting the Right to Data Portability into a Competition Law Perspective

Law: The Journal of the Higher School of Economics, Annual Review, 2013, pp. 53-63
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 28 Mar 2014
Inge Graef, Jeroen Verschakelen and Peggy Valcke
Tilburg Law School, KU Leuven - Centre for IT & IP Law (CiTiP) and KU Leuven - Centre for IT & IP Law (CiTiP)
Downloads 1,697 (22,977)
Citation 6

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Data portability, data protection law, competition law, online services

6.

Rethinking the Essential Facilities Doctrine for the EU Digital Economy

TILEC Discussion Paper No. DP2019-028
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 13 May 2019 Last Revised: 16 Dec 2019
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 1,674 (23,467)
Citation 5

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Competition law, access to data, rankings, self-preferencing, disruptive innovation, competition for the market

7.

EU Competition Law, Data Protection and Online Platforms: Data as Essential Facility (PhD summary)

EU Competition Law, Data Protection and Online Platforms: Data as Essential Facility, Kluwer Law International 2016
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 17 Jul 2020
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 1,604 (25,043)
Citation 4

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Competition; intellectual property; data protection; innovation; market definition; data portability; data sharing

8.

Seven Things to Improve in the Data Act

Number of pages: 5 Posted: 29 Mar 2022 Last Revised: 31 Mar 2022
Inge Graef and Martin Husovec
Tilburg Law School and London School of Economics - Law School
Downloads 1,452 (29,104)
Citation 7

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data access, data portability, FRAND, Data Act

9.

Fairness and Enforcement: Bridging Competition, Data Protection and Consumer Law

International Data Privacy Law 2018, vol. 8 no. 3, p. 200-223
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 08 Aug 2018 Last Revised: 08 Dec 2018
Inge Graef, Damian Clifford and Peggy Valcke
Tilburg Law School, Australian National University College of Law and KU Leuven - Centre for IT & IP Law (CiTiP)
Downloads 1,426 (29,891)
Citation 2

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Abuse of dominance, data portability, exploitation, merger review, refusal to deal, unfair conditions

10.

Business-to-Business Data Sharing: An Economic and Legal Analysis

EU Science Hub, 2020
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 31 Aug 2020
Bertin Martens, Alexandre de Streel, Inge Graef, Thomas Tombal and Néstor Duch-Brown
Tilburg Law and Economics Center (TILEC), University of Namur, Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University - Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT) and Joint Research Centre - European Commission
Downloads 1,320 (33,480)
Citation 1

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digital data, data market failures, data sharing, portability, data and antitrust

11.

The European Commission’s proposed Data Governance Act: some initial reflections on the increasingly complex EU regulatory puzzle of stimulating data sharing

TILEC Discussion Paper No. DP2021-006
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 01 Apr 2021
Inge Graef and Raphael Gellert
Tilburg Law School and Radboud University
Downloads 1,248 (36,290)

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data sharing, data protection law, personal data, non-personal data, data intermediaries, Digital Markets Act, competition law

12.

The EU Regulatory Patchwork for Dark Patterns: An Illustration of an Inframarginal Revolution in European Law?

Forthcoming as a book chapter in Ramsi A. Woodcock, Toward an Inframarginal Revolution: Markets as Wealth Distributors, Cambridge University Press 2023, TILEC Discussion Paper No. 2023-07, Tilburg Law School Research Paper
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 06 Apr 2023 Last Revised: 13 Jun 2023
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 1,160 (40,438)
Citation 1

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Exploitation; Manipulation; Fairness; Consumer protection; Data protection, Competition, Digital Services Act, Digital Markets Act, AI Act, Data Act, enforcement

13.

Algorithms and Fairness: What Role for Competition Law in Targeting Price Discrimination Towards End Consumers?

Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2018
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 20 Dec 2017 Last Revised: 01 Dec 2018
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 1,086 (44,509)
Citation 14

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Price Discrimination, Competition, Data Protection, Consumer Protection

14.

Limits and Enablers of Data Sharing. An Analytical Framework for EU Competition, Data Protection and Consumer Law

TILEC Discussion Paper No. DP 2019-024
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 27 Nov 2019
Inge Graef, Thomas Tombal and Alexandre de Streel
Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University - Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT) and University of Namur
Downloads 1,066 (45,659)
Citation 13

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data portability, data access, innovation, competition, data protection, consumer protection, collusion, privacy

15.

Towards a Holistic Regulatory Approach for the European Data Economy: Why the Illusive Notion of Non-Personal Data is Counterproductive to Data Innovation

TILEC Discussion Paper No. 2018-029
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 28 Sep 2018
Inge Graef, Raphael Gellert and Martin Husovec
Tilburg Law School, Radboud University and London School of Economics - Law School
Downloads 1,044 (46,999)
Citation 18

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innovation, intellectual property, data protection law, data portability, Digital Single Market

16.

Mandating Portability and Interoperability in Online Social Networks: Regulatory and Competition Law Issues in the European Union

Telecommunications Policy 2015, Vol. 39, No. 6, p. 502-514.
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 22 Jul 2013 Last Revised: 19 Aug 2015
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 851 (62,492)
Citation 2

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Data portability, interoperability, switching costs, network effects, online social networks, competition law

17.

Blurring Boundaries of Consumer Welfare: How to Create Synergies between Competition, Consumer and Data Protection Law in Digital Markets

Forthcoming by Springer as proceedings of the Max Planck Institute Post-Doc conference on 'Personal Data in Competition, Consumer Protection and IP Law: Towards a Holistic Approach?', held on 21 October 2016 in Munich
Number of pages: 28 Posted: 08 Dec 2016 Last Revised: 05 Jul 2017
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 746 (74,520)
Citation 1

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Competition law, consumer protection, data protection, data portability, exploitative abuse, merger review, digital economy

18.

Pre-Formulated Declarations of Data Subject Consent – Citizen-Consumer Empowerment and the Alignment of Data, Consumer and Competition Law Protections

CiTiP Working Paper 33/2017
Number of pages: 45 Posted: 01 Mar 2018
Damian Clifford, Inge Graef and Peggy Valcke
Australian National University College of Law, Tilburg Law School and KU Leuven - Centre for IT & IP Law (CiTiP)
Downloads 607 (96,906)
Citation 6

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Consent, personal data, unfair terms, market dominance

19.

To Regulate or Not to Regulate Big Tech

Concurrences N°1-2020
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 23 Mar 2020
Inge Graef and Francisco Costa-Cabral
Tilburg Law School and Tilburg Law and Economics Center (TILEC)
Downloads 599 (98,642)
Citation 3

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Competition Law; Digital Platforms; Innovation Competition; As-Efficient Competitor Test

20.

Spill-Overs in Data Governance: The Relationship Between the GDPR’s Right to Data Portability and EU Sector-Specific Data Access Regimes

TILEC Discussion Paper No. DP 2019-005
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 10 Apr 2019 Last Revised: 25 Sep 2019
Inge Graef, Martin Husovec and Jasper van den Boom
Tilburg Law School, London School of Economics - Law School and Utrecht University
Downloads 595 (99,487)
Citation 15

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data portability, data access, innovation, energy, automotive, digital content, payment sector, standardisation

21.

Assessing Data Access Issues in Online Platforms

Telecommunications Policy 2015, Vol. 39, No. 5, p. 375-387
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 20 Aug 2015
Inge Graef, Yuli Wahyuningtyas and Peggy Valcke
Tilburg Law School, KU Leuven - Centre for IT & IP Law (CiTiP) and KU Leuven - Centre for IT & IP Law (CiTiP)
Downloads 553 (109,093)
Citation 4

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Multi-sided platforms; competition law; access regulation; user data; essential facilities; search engines; online social networks; e-commerce platforms

22.

Governance of Data Sharing: a Law & Economics Proposal

TILEC Discussion Paper No. 2021-001, CentER Discusson Paper No. 2021-004
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 29 Jan 2021 Last Revised: 04 Mar 2021
Jens Prufer and Inge Graef
Tilburg University - Law and Economics Center (TILEC) and Tilburg Law School
Downloads 540 (112,520)
Citation 11

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Data sharing, data-driven markets, economic governance, competition law, data protection, regulation

23.

Mandated Data Sharing Is a Necessity in Specific Sectors

Economisch Statistische Berichten, vol. 103 (4763) 5 July 2018, p. 298-301., Tilburg Law School Research Paper
Number of pages: 4 Posted: 07 May 2019
Inge Graef and Jens Prufer
Tilburg Law School and Tilburg University - Law and Economics Center (TILEC)
Downloads 483 (128,808)

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competition, data-driven markets, data sharing, innovation, data protection

24.

Feedback to the Commission's Proposal on a Framework for the Free Flow of Non-Personal Data

Number of pages: 6 Posted: 30 Jan 2018
Inge Graef, Raphael Gellert, Nadezhda Purtova and Martin Husovec
Tilburg Law School, Radboud University, Utrecht University, Law School and London School of Economics - Law School
Downloads 481 (129,416)
Citation 4

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concept of personal data; identifiability; free flow of data; data economy; data portability

25.

The Opportunities and Limits of Data Portability for Stimulating Competition and Innovation

Competition Policy International, Antitrust Chronicle November 2020 (II)
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 20 Jan 2021
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 479 (130,067)

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Data portability, GDPR, Merger review, Asymmetric enforcement, Intellectual property

26.

The Regulation of Access to Personal and Non-personal Data in the EU: From Bits and Pieces to a System?

Forthcoming as a book chapter in Bart van der Sloot & Sascha van Schendel, The boundaries of data: technical, practical and regulatory perspectives, Amsterdam University Press 2023., TILEC Discussion Paper No. 2022-019, Tilburg Law School Research Paper
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 15 Dec 2022 Last Revised: 26 May 2024
Thomas Tombal and Inge Graef
Tilburg University - Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT) and Tilburg Law School
Downloads 443 (142,918)

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Data Access, Data Economy, Data Regulation, Data Sharing, Data Act, Legislative coherence, Personal Data

27.

Tailoring the Essential Facilities Doctrine to the IT Sector: Compulsory Licensing of Intellectual Property Rights after Microsoft

Cambridge Student Law Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-20, 2011
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 23 Aug 2011
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 393 (163,923)

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Essential facilities doctrine, compulsory licensing, intellectual property rights, competition law, information technology

28.

Differentiated Treatment in Platform-to-Business Relations: EU Competition Law and Economic Dependence

Yearbook of European Law, vol. 38 no. 1, p. 448-499, 2019, Tilburg Law School Research Paper Forthcoming
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 04 Jun 2020
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 336 (194,866)
Citation 3

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Competition; Economic Dependence; Online Platforms; Discrimination; Fairness

29.

The Future of Refusals to Deal and Margin Squeezes In the Face of Sector-Specific Regulation

TILEC Discussion Paper No. DP2022-012, published as chapter 9 in Akman, Pinar, Brook, Or & Stylianou, Konstantinos (eds.), Research Handbook on Abuse of Dominance and Monopolization (Edward Elgar Publishing 2023)
Number of pages: 19 Posted: 21 Jun 2022 Last Revised: 03 May 2023
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 320 (205,495)

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Indispensability, essential facilities doctrine, abuse of dominance, self-preferencing, sector-specific regulation, Digital Markets Act

30.

Stretching EU Competition Law Tools for Search Engines and Social Networks

Internet Policy Review 2015, Vol. 4, No. 3.
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 04 Sep 2015
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 315 (208,970)

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EU competition law, innovation, search engines, social networks

31.

How Can Software Interoperability Be Achieved Under European Competition Law and Related Regimes?

Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 2014, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 6-19.
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 07 Jan 2014
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 300 (220,283)
Citation 1

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Interoperability, Abuse of dominance, Intellectual property law, Digital Agenda

32.

Regulation of Digital Platforms and the State's Use of Platform Technologies in China

TILEC Discussion Paper No. 2024-05
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 03 Jun 2024
Jens Prufer, Inge Graef and Doh-Shin Jeon
Tilburg University - Law and Economics Center (TILEC), Tilburg Law School and Toulouse School of Economics (TSE)
Downloads 257 (258,353)

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China, platform markets, regulation, social credit system, central bank digital currency. JEL-codes: D04, L51, L86, P52

33.

Response to the Public Consultation on ‘Building a European Data Economy’

TILEC Discussion Paper No. 2017-016, Tilburg Law School Research Paper No. 10/2017
Number of pages: 15 Posted: 26 Apr 2017 Last Revised: 13 Jul 2017
Inge Graef and Martin Husovec
Tilburg Law School and London School of Economics - Law School
Downloads 250 (266,753)
Citation 1

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Data Access, Portability, Competition, Intellectual Property, Database Protection, Data Protection, Consumer Protection

34.

Exploring New Ways to Ensure Interoperability Under the Digital Agenda

Info - The journal of policy, regulation and strategy for telecommunications, information and media 2014, Vol. 16, No. 1, p. 7-16.
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 07 Jan 2014
Inge Graef and Peggy Valcke
Tilburg Law School and KU Leuven - Centre for IT & IP Law (CiTiP)
Downloads 222 (298,393)

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Interoperability, Digital Agenda, Competition law, Electronic communications law

35.

Hybrid Differentiation and Competition Beyond Markets

Competition Policy International, Antitrust Chronicle June 2020 (II)
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 17 Aug 2020
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 213 (310,456)
Citation 1

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Discrimination; abuse of dominance; ecosystems; conglomerates; online platforms; potential competition; innovation; access; tying

36.

Response to the European Commission’s Public Consultation ‘A European Strategy for Data’

Number of pages: 16 Posted: 17 Jul 2020
Inge Graef, Greta Krasteva and Tjaša Petročnik
Tilburg Law School, Tilburg Law School and Tilburg University - LTMS, home of Tilt and Tilec
Downloads 179 (364,613)
Citation 1

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Competition; intellectual property; data protection; portability; data sharing; health data; non-personal data; PSD2; sector-specific data access

37.

Feedback on the European Commission's Evaluation of the Market Definition Notice

Number of pages: 7 Posted: 17 Jul 2020
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 148 (429,415)

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Potential competition; innovation; digital ecosystems; data markets

38.

Towards Smarter Regulation in the Areas of Competition, Data Protection and Consumer Law: Why Greater Power Should Come with Greater Responsibility

European Journal of Risk Regulation (Forthcoming)
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 07 Jan 2021
Inge Graef and Sean van Berlo
Tilburg Law School and Tilburg University
Downloads 140 (449,159)
Citation 5

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Special responsibility, Risk-based approach, Enforcement priorities, Positive duties, Asymmetric regulation

39.

TILEC Contribution to DG Comp's Call on 'Shaping Competition Policy in the Era of Digitization'

Number of pages: 10 Posted: 18 Nov 2018
Lapo Filistrucchi, Lapo Filistrucchi, Inge Graef, Jens Prufer and Florian Schuett
University of Florence, Dipartimento di Scienze EconomicheTilburg University, TILEC, Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University - Law and Economics Center (TILEC) and KU Leuven - Department of Economics
Downloads 128 (482,771)
Citation 1

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Consumer exploitation, data-driven markets, price discrimination, standardization, two-sided markets, voter manipulation

40.

Future-Proofing Plural Antitrust Enforcement Models: Lessons from the United States and the European Union

Antitrust Law Journal 2023, vol. 85 no. 2, p. 339-373
Number of pages: 36 Posted: 08 Aug 2022 Last Revised: 01 Nov 2023
Inge Graef
Tilburg Law School
Downloads 64 (755,514)

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Antitrust institutions; public enforcement; private enforcement; federalism; decentralization; coordination; Regulation 1/2003; DOJ; FTC; state attorneys general