Duke University - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado at Denver - Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital Germans Trias y Pujol (ICO-IJC) - Institut de Recerca de la Sida. IrsiCaixa, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis - Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis - School of Public Health, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis - School of Public Health, University of Florida - Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Duke University - Department of Medicine, Duke University - Department of Medicine, Baylor University - Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein Medical Center - Institute for Heart and Vascular Disease, Baylor University - Baylor Scott & White Health Medical Center - Temple, University of Texas at Dallas - The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Stanford University - Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University - Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Brown University - Infectious Diseases Division, Stanford University - Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, St Joseph’s Hospital - The Division of Infectious Diseases, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology - Broad Institute of MIT Harvard, Harvard University - Massachusetts General Hospital, University of South Florida, University of South Florida, University of Kentucky, University of Kentucky, Baylor University - Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor University - Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Intermountain Medical Center - Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, St Joseph’s Hospital - The Division of Infectious Diseases, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System VA Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System VA Medical Center, - Laiko General Hospital, - Laiko General Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Government of the United Kingdom - Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Harvard University - Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Vanderbilt University - Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of Colorado at Denver - School of Medicine, Wake Forest University - Section for Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases, University of Zurich - Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati - Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Medical School, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Makerere University, Makerere University, University of Copenhagen - Department of Clinical Medicine, Emory University, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine - Uganda Research Unit, Baylor College of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Swedish Medical Center, Velocity Clinical Research, Texas A&M University- Corpus Christi, University of Massachusetts Worcester - UMass Chan Medical School, Cotton University, Universidad Linda Vista, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, University College London - Institute for Global Health, University of Copenhagen - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen - Rigshospitalet, Mount Sinai Health System - Icahn School of Medicine, Tetracore, Inc. Rockville, Government of the United States of America - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Government of the United States of America - Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Inc., Government of the United States of America - Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Government of the United States of America - Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, University College London - MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Intermountain Medical Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center - Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Harvard University - Massachusetts General Hospital, Government of the United States of America - Washington DC VA Medical Center, Government of the United States of America - Washington DC VA Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis - School of Statistics, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis - School of Public Health, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis - School of Public Health, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals - AstraZeneca R&D, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals - AstraZeneca R&D, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals - AstraZeneca R&D, University College London, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Mount Sinai Health System - Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Government of the United States of America - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Government of the United States of America - Washington DC VA Medical Center, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, Harvard University - Massachusetts General Hospital, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis, Government of the United States of America - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and University of Copenhagen - Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections CHIP

University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of Newcastle - Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, The University of Sydney - Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Government of New South Wales - Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), Government of New South Wales - Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), CSL Behring AG - Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, CSL Behring AG - Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, CSL Behring AG, CSL Behring AG, CSL Behring AG, CSL Behring AG, Government of New South Wales - Virology Research Laboratory, CSL Behring AG - Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, University of Newcastle (Australia) - Viral Immunology and Respiratory Disease Group, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, St. Vincent's Hospital - Molecular Diagnostic Medicine Laboratory, Histopath Diagnostic Specialists, Government of New South Wales - Virology Research Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet - Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, The University of Sydney - Westmead Hospital, Westmead Hospital - Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Public Health, Westmead Hospital - Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health, NSW Health, Australian Red Cross, Australian Red Cross, Australian Red Cross, Australian Red Cross, University of New South Wales (UNSW), The University of Sydney - School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute and University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute

University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, Government of New South Wales - Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), University of Newcastle - Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, The University of Sydney - Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, Government of New South Wales - Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), Government of New South Wales - Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), Government of New South Wales - Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), Government of New South Wales - Virology Research Laboratory, CSL Behring AG - Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, CSL Behring AG - Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, CSL Behring AG, CSL Behring AG, CSL Behring AG, Government of New South Wales - Virology Research Laboratory, CSL Behring AG - Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Government of New South Wales - Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), Government of New South Wales - Virology Research Laboratory, The University of Sydney - Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney - Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney - Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney - Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney - Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney - Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney - Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney - Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney - Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney - Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, The University of Sydney, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of Newcastle (Australia) - Viral Immunology and Respiratory Disease Group, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, St. Vincent's Hospital - Molecular Diagnostic Medicine Laboratory, Government of New South Wales - Virology Research Laboratory, The University of Sydney - School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney - Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute and University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute

University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC) - School of Population and Public Health, Medical University of Vienna - Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Bonn University Hospital - Department of Medicine I, University of Bonn - Department of Internal Medicine I, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), University Hospital of Henri-Mondor, APHP - Hepatology Department, National Taiwan University Hospital (Yunlin Branch), University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute and University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute

University of Amsterdam - Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of Bonn - Department of Internal Medicine I, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, Government of the United Kingdom - Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of Bern - Department of Infectious Diseases, Burnet Institute, University of Bern - Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Bonn - Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Amsterdam - Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), University of Montreal - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, Burnet Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of Amsterdam - Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, University of Amsterdam - Department of Infectious Diseases and Independent

Mingaladon Specialist Hospital, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute and University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute

University of New South Wales (UNSW) - St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute and affiliation not provided to SSRN