Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan - Department of Anaesthesia, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Busitema University, Makerere University - Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Debre Berhan University, Ministry of Health (Ethiopia), Aksum University - Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa University - Black Lion Hospital, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Ministry of Health and Social Services, University of Namibia, University of Monastir - University Hospital of Monastir, Université de Ouagadougou - Centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, The Gambia, University of The Gambia, Ministry of Health Somalia, Amoud University, University of Hargeisa, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Ministry of Health, Lesotho, National Ribat University, National Ribat University, University of Botswana, Marien Ngouabi University, Marien Ngouabi University, Cadi Ayyad University - University Hospital Center Mohamed VI, University Hospital of Mohammed VI, Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM) - Maputo Central Hospital, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura University of Science Education, Busitema University, Walter Sisulu University, Department of Anaesthesiology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), Nutrition, Research and Development Manager, Safe Surgery South Africa, University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Statistical Sciences, Uppsala University, Queen Mary University of London - Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Research Group, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine and Independent

University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), School of Clinical Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan - Department of Anaesthesia, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Busitema University, Makerere University - Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Debre Berhan University, Ministry of Health (Ethiopia), Aksum University - Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa University - Black Lion Hospital, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Ministry of Health and Social Services, University of Namibia, University of Monastir - University Hospital of Monastir, Université de Ouagadougou - Centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, The Gambia, University of The Gambia, Ministry of Health Somalia, Amoud University, University of Hargeisa, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Ministry of Health, Lesotho, National Ribat University, National Ribat University, University of Botswana, Marien Ngouabi University, Marien Ngouabi University, Cadi Ayyad University - University Hospital Center Mohamed VI, University Hospital of Mohammed VI, Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM) - Maputo Central Hospital, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura University of Science Education, Busitema University, Walter Sisulu University, Department of Anaesthesiology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, University of Cape Town (UCT), Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana, University of Ibadan, Beit-CURE International Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Nairobi, University of the Witwatersrand, University of Zimbabwe, Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, Stellenbosch University, University of KwaZulu-Natal, University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Ilorin, University of Cape Town (UCT), Nutrition, Research and Development Manager, Safe Surgery South Africa, University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Uppsala University, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Queen Mary University of London - Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Research Group and University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine

University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Department of Epidemiology, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Department of Epidemiology, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Centre of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research (CIDER), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Department of Epidemiology, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Department of Epidemiology and University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics

University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Department of Epidemiology, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Colorado, Aurora - Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Cape Town - Division of Clinical Pharmacology, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Centre of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research (CIDER), University of Cape Town (UCT) - Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Department of Epidemiology and University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics

University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Department of Epidemiology, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Department of Epidemiology and University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics

University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University - Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University - Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University - Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University - Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University - Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Harvard University - Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Harvard University - Medical Practice Evaluation Center, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and World Health Organization (WHO) - Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programme

University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town (UCT) - SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town (UCT) - SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Cytel Inc., University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Cytel Inc. and The University of Western Australia - Division of Infection and Immunity