dendroecology, beech-fir forest, spruce forest, natural dynamics, primary forest, Southern Carpathians
primary forests, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, climate warming, competition, Species diversity
Mixed-severity natural disturbances, annual mortality rate, mortality agents, primary forests.
Species turnover, Species richness, Old-growth forests, Beta-diversity, Nestedness, Forest structure
Solar radiation, temperature, humidity, landscape, spruce forest, natural disturbance
dendrochronology, plant communities, spruce, Vaccinium myrtillus, Western Carpathians, understorey
Herb layer species richness, Forest structure, Primeval temperate forests, Beech forests, Oldest tree age
Bark beetle, Carbon, Nitrogen, phosphorus, Base cations
