dendroecology, beech-fir forest, spruce forest, natural dynamics, primary forest, Southern Carpathians
Biological legacy, coarse woody debris, habitat amount, habitat loss, mountain spruce forest, saproxylic biodiversity
primary forests, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, climate warming, competition, Species diversity
dendrochronology, plant communities, spruce, Vaccinium myrtillus, Western Carpathians, understorey