dendroecology, beech-fir forest, spruce forest, natural dynamics, primary forest, Southern Carpathians
Biological legacy, coarse woody debris, habitat amount, habitat loss, mountain spruce forest, saproxylic biodiversity
primary forests, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, climate warming, competition, Species diversity
Mixed-severity natural disturbances, annual mortality rate, mortality agents, primary forests.
DendroecologyDisturbance regimeDisturbance synchronisationPrimary forestBeech-fir forestNatural dynamics
Species turnover, Species richness, Old-growth forests, Beta-diversity, Nestedness, Forest structure
dendrochronology, plant communities, spruce, Vaccinium myrtillus, Western Carpathians, understorey
