University of the Witwatersrand - Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Centre of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research (CIDER), University of the Witwatersrand - Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand - Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit (RHRU), University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill - UNC-Project Malawi, University of Amsterdam - Department of Medical Microbiology and Boston University - School of Public Health

University of Washington, University of Washington, University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Washington, Johns Hopkins University, University of the Witwatersrand - Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit (RHRU), University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), Qhakaza Mbokodo Research Clinic, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) - Centre for Community Based Research, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Foundation for Professional Development, Wits Maternal Adolescent and Child Health Research, Setshaba Research Centre, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital - Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Klerksdorp-Tshepong Hospital Complex, Aurum Rustenburg Clinical Research Centre, Madibeng Centre for Research, South African Medical Research Council, Columbia University - ICAP, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Malawi, UNC Global Projects, Bio Analytical Research Corporation South Africa (BARC SA), University of Washington, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Independent

Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu- Natal, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Malawi, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Zimbabwe, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Duke University - Department of Surgery, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform - KRISP, University of KwaZulu-Natal, University of KwaZulu-Natal - School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Health, COVID-19 Prevention Network, University of Zimbabwe - Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (BHP), Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Columbia University - ICAP, Wits University - Clinical HIV Research Unit, Aurum Institute, Synexus Helderberg, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, University of the Witwatersrand - Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit (RHRU), TASK, FAMCRU Family Clinical Research Unit, University of Cape Town (UCT), Aurum Institute, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill - UNC-Project Malawi, Center for Family Health Research Zambia (CFHRZ), The Aurum Institute, Aurum Institute, South African Medical Research Council, UNC Global Projects, Soweto Clinical Trials Centre, Blantyre District Council, Center for Family Health Research Zambia (CFHRZ), Wits Health Consortium - Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), Synergy Biomed Research Institute, MERC Middelburg, Kisumu Clinical Research Site, TASK, TASK, Aurum Institute, Nelson Mandela Academic Clinical Research Unit Clinical Research Site, University of the Witwatersrand - Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Joint Clinical Research Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South African Medical Research Council, Soweto Clinical Trials Centre, UVRI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Program, MeCRU Clinical Research Site, Maseno University, Synexus Stanza Clinical Research Centre Clinical Research Site, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PHOENIX Pharma (Pty) Ltd, Moi University, University of Cape Town (UCT), MERC Kempton, MERC Welkom, MU-JHU Care Ltd - MUJHU Research Collaboration, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, South African Medical Research Council, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Qhakaza Mbokodo Research Clinic and Independent

University of the Witwatersrand - Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit (RHRU), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Stellenbosch University, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), CeSHHAR Zimbabwe, South African Medical Research Council - HIV Prevention and Vaccine Research Unit, Blantyre International University, Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (BHP), University of Zimbabwe - Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of the Witwatersrand, South African Medical Research Council - HIV Prevention and Vaccine Research Unit, Government of Uganda - Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), University of Zimbabwe - Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Zimbabwe - Clinical Trials Research Centre, Baylor University - Children’s Foundation-Eswatini, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Makerere University, Columbia University - ICAP, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital - Perinatal HIV Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council - HIV Prevention and Vaccine Research Unit, University of Zimbabwe - Clinical Trials Research Centre, FHI 360, FHI 360, University of the Witwatersrand, University of Colorado, Aurora - Anschutz Medical Campus, Johns Hopkins University - Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University - Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University - School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University - Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University - School of Medicine, FHI 360, University of the Witwatersrand - Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University - School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, FHI 360, FHI 360, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, FHI 360, FHI 360, Government of the United States of America - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Government of the United States of America - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare Ltd., ViiV Healthcare Ltd., ViiV Healthcare Ltd., Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill - UNC-Project Malawi and affiliation not provided to SSRN

McGill University - Epidemiology, Biostatistics, & Occupational Health, Imperial College London - Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Harvard University - Department of Global Health and Population, University of Cape Coast - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ibadan - Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Université de Ouagadougou - Faculty of Medicine, Université de Ouagadougou - Centre de Recherche Internationale en Santé, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine - Department of Clinical Research, Imperial College London - Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, McGill University - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université Laval - Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, University of the Witwatersrand - Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit (RHRU) and McGill University - Epidemiology, Biostatistics, & Occupational Health

University of KwaZulu-Natal - Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Duke University - Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, HPTN Leadership and Operations Center, Duke University, Duke University, Duke University - Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Kelly Government Solutions, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill - Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University, FHI 360, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vanderbilt University - Division of Infectious Diseases, San Francisco Department of Health, University of the Witwatersrand, University of the Witwatersrand - Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit (RHRU), University of Cape Town, Wits Health Consortium - Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of Zimbabwe - Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) - National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Dartmouth College, Dartmouth College - Thayer School of Engineering, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Government of the United States of America - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Government of the United States of America - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School - Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center - Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill - Department of Medicine, Duke University - Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University - Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, George Washington University - School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Emory University - Division of Infectious Diseases and Independent

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of the Witwatersrand, University of the Witwatersrand, University of the Witwatersrand, University of the Witwatersrand, University of the Witwatersrand, University of the Witwatersrand, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute and University of the Witwatersrand - Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit (RHRU)